he's a fellow at the national security in new york city. mr. vladeck has co-authored multiple legal textbooks and served as a law clerk of appellate judges in florida and california. he and his' degree in history mathematics of amherst college and his jd from yale where he served as the executive editor of the yale law journal. we are pleased to have them with us today and we thank all of you for joining us to mr. bellinger, we will start with you. each witness has written statements that will be made part of the record in their entirety. i ask each witness summarized his or her testimony of five minutes or less. to help you stay within the time, this time at my dinner table. the light switches programmed to yellow, you have one minute to conclude that when the light turns red signals the witnesses five minutes have expired. mr. bellinger, welcome. >> thanks very much, mr. chairman and members of the committee for coming for this important hearing today. i doubt this year but many legal issues as the subject of states are to administer this adv